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Sealing, closed records, or deferred imposition of sentence in North Dakota

Can I clear my record in North Dakota?

North Dakota seals records rather than expunging them.

Limited automatic clearing

How did your case end?

Pick the one that matches. We'll show the routes North Dakota law offers for it, with the wait and the cost.

Pick an answer above to see your routes, waits and costs.

At a glance

People can petition to seal a misdemeanor conviction after 3 years without a new conviction, or a felony after 5 years, though violent felonies (during the firearm-ban period) and registrable sex offenses are excluded and the judge decides each case. Since August 1, 2025, court records of cases where every charge was dismissed or ended in acquittal are closed automatically after 61 days, and deferred-imposition cases are dismissed and sealed when probation ends. Sealing covers court and prosecution records but not the Bureau of Criminal Investigation's criminal history record.1,2,3,4

Checked October 22, 2026 against 33 sources, starting with North Dakota law, then by a second reader.

What it's called
Sealing, closed records, or deferred imposition of sentence1,2,3
Automatic clearing
Limited, since August 1, 20251,9,10
DUI or DWI
Sometimes2,17,18
Filing fee
No filing fee1,2,3
Fee waiver
Not confirmed

Sealing

Petition to seal a criminal record

Sealing prohibits disclosure of the existence or contents of the court and prosecution records unless a court orders it (N.D.C.C. § 12-60.1-01(7)). Records are not destroyed, and a court can later order them disclosed. Sealing does not reach the criminal history record kept by the Bureau of Criminal Investigation (BCI) or the state's criminal justice data sharing system, because those are excluded from the chapter's definition of 'criminal record' (§ 12-60.1-01(4); court self-help guide). Every order granting sealing must say the person is sufficiently rehabilitated but remains subject to § 12.1-33-02.1 (occupational licensing), and the information must be released when an entity has a statutory obligation to run a criminal history background check (§ 12-60.1-04(8)).1,2,3

What it's for: Misdemeanor and felony convictions after a crime-free waiting period, and convictions covered by an unconditional pardon from the governor.

Who can use it

  • A misdemeanor conviction (guilty plea or verdict), if you have not been convicted of a new crime for at least 3 years before filing (§ 12-60.1-02(1)(a)).
  • A felony conviction, if you have not been convicted of a new crime for at least 5 years before filing (§ 12-60.1-02(1)(b)).
  • A conviction for which the governor granted an unconditional pardon (§ 12-60.1-02(1)(c)).
  • To win, you must show by clear and convincing evidence that you have good cause, that the benefit to you outweighs the presumption that court records are open, that you finished all prison and probation terms, that you paid all court-ordered restitution, and that you have shown reformation (§ 12-60.1-04(1)).

What doesn't qualify

  • A felony involving violence or intimidation, during the period you can't possess a firearm under § 62.1-02-01(1)(a); the court's guide describes that period as 10 years after conviction or release from incarceration, parole or probation, whichever is latest (§ 12-60.1-02(2)(a); self-help guide).
  • An offense for which you were ordered to register under § 12.1-32-15 (sex offenses and offenses against children) (§ 12-60.1-02(2)(b)).
  • DUI records: the court system's guides say DUI records can't be sealed under Chapter 12-60.1 and point to the separate DUI sealing law (§ 39-08-01.6).
  • The criminal history record at the Bureau of Criminal Investigation can't be sealed under this chapter (§ 12-60.1-01(4)).

How long you have to wait

RecordWaiting period
Misdemeanor conviction3 years without a new conviction before filingAll prison and probation terms must be finished and court-ordered restitution paid (§ 12-60.1-04(1)).
Felony conviction5 years without a new conviction before filingFelonies involving violence or intimidation can't be sealed during the firearm-ban period under § 62.1-02-01(1)(a). A felony with a sentence of 360 days or less is 'deemed' a misdemeanor (§ 12.1-32-02(9)), but neither the sealing law nor the court's guide says whether the 3-year or 5-year wait then applies.
Conviction with an unconditional governor's pardonNo waiting period stated§ 12-60.1-02(1)(c) sets no separate wait for pardoned convictions.
After a denied petitionUp to 1 year, if the district court orders itFor good cause, a district court denying a petition may bar a new petition for up to 1 year; HB 1263 (2025) cut this from 3 years, effective August 1, 2025 (§ 12-60.1-04(7)). The same law lets you appeal a district court denial; a municipal court denial can be appealed to district court (§ 12-60.1-04(6)).

How to apply

  1. There is no official petition form; the Legal Self Help Center says you draft your own petition and proposed order and can't get its help in criminal matters.
  2. Write a petition in the existing criminal case listing your full name and all other names used, your addresses since the offense, the reasons it should be granted, and your full criminal history in every state, federal court and foreign country, including pending charges, deferred or stayed cases, and every earlier request for a pardon, return of arrest records, expungement or sealing (§ 12-60.1-03(2)).
  3. File a proposed order with the petition (§ 12-60.1-03(3)); the guide says it should include the findings § 12-60.1-04 requires.
  4. Serve the petition and proposed order on the prosecutor under N.D.R.Crim.P. 49 and file proof of service (§ 12-60.1-03(4); self-help guide).
  5. File the documents with the clerk of the court where the case was handled. The prosecutor will seek input from law enforcement, witnesses, victims and corrections officials (§ 12-60.1-04(4)).
  6. A hearing can't be held earlier than 45 days after filing, unless the prosecutor stipulates to sealing without one (§ 12-60.1-04(3), (5)).
Where to file
The municipal court or state district court that handled the existing criminal case.
Cost
The statute sets no fee. The statewide court fee schedule (effective July 1, 2025) has no line for a petition to seal in a criminal case, and the court's guide says you may be required to pay a fee and should ask the clerk. A denial by a municipal court can be appealed to district court without a filing fee (§ 12-60.1-04(6)).
Court hearing
Sometimes
How long it takes
No hearing earlier than 45 days after filing; the court's guide warns it may be much later depending on the calendar.

Sealing

Closing nonconviction court records

A closed court record can be seen only by the clerk, a judge, the juvenile commission, criminal justice agencies, the defendant and the defendant's lawyer, the state's attorney, or anyone with a judge's written order (§ 12-60.1-01(1)). Only court records are closed; prosecution and law enforcement records are not (self-help guide; State Court Administrator's instructions). The BCI criminal history is also separate: the Attorney General says a general public record check shows dismissed charges and other non-convictions only while they are less than 3 years old.1,9,10

What it's for: Cases where every charge was dismissed or you were acquitted of every charge.

Who can use it

  • A case in which all charges were dismissed or you were acquitted of all charges (a 'nonconviction', § 12-60.1-01(5)).
  • Nonconviction orders entered on or after August 1, 2025 are closed automatically 61 days later (§ 12-60.1-05(1)).
  • Nonconviction orders entered before August 1, 2025 can be closed by petition; if you qualify, the court must enter an order within 10 days of filing (§ 12-60.1-05(2)).
  • The exclusions for violent felonies and registrable offenses that apply to petitions to seal don't apply here (§ 12-60.1-02(2) says 'except as provided under section 12-60.1-05').

What doesn't qualify

  • A dismissal that was part of a plea agreement involving a conviction on another offense (§ 12-60.1-05(3)(a)).
  • A case dismissed because you were found not fit to proceed under Chapter 12.1-04 (§ 12-60.1-05(3)(b)).
  • A not-guilty verdict because of lack of criminal responsibility under Chapter 12.1-04.1 (§ 12-60.1-05(3)(c)).
  • A case that was appealed (§ 12-60.1-05(3)(d)).
  • A case where only some charges were dismissed: 'nonconviction' means dismissal or acquittal of all charges in the case (§ 12-60.1-01(5)).

How long you have to wait

RecordWaiting period
Dismissal or acquittal of all charges, order entered on or after August 1, 202561 days, then automaticNothing to file (§ 12-60.1-05(1)).
Dismissal or acquittal of all charges, order entered before August 1, 2025NoneFile the petition at any time; the court enters an order within 10 days if you qualify (§ 12-60.1-05(2)).

Some records clear automatically. Automatic for nonconviction orders entered on or after August 1, 2025: the court closes the court record after 61 days (§ 12-60.1-05(1), added by HB 1166 of 2025). Older cases need the short petition.

How to apply

  1. For a case dismissed or acquitted on or after August 1, 2025, you don't need to do anything.
  2. For an older case, fill out the State Court Administrator's Petition to Close Nonconviction Records and the proposed order, using the county, judicial district and case number of your criminal case.
  3. File the original petition with the clerk of court where your criminal case is filed. The judge may require you to serve a copy on the prosecutor.
  4. If you qualify, the court enters an order closing the record within 10 days of filing.
Where to file
Clerk of the state district court or municipal court where the criminal case was filed.
Cost
No filing fee may be charged for the petition (§ 12-60.1-05(4)), and automatic closing costs nothing.
Court hearing
No
How long it takes
Automatic closing 61 days after the order of nonconviction; for older cases, an order within 10 days after the petition is filed.

Official forms

Dismissal

Dismissal and sealing after deferred imposition of sentence

When the deferral period ends, the guilty plea is withdrawn or the verdict set aside, the case is dismissed and the court file is sealed (N.D.R.Crim.P. 32.1). Under N.D.C.C. § 12.1-32-07.2(2), those records may be examined only by the clerk, a judge, the juvenile commissioner, probation officers, the defendant or the defendant's lawyer, and the state's attorney, or others with a judge's written order. The person is released from the penalties and disabilities of the offense, except the duty to register for sex offenses and offenses against children (§ 12.1-32-15) and the firearm ban (§ 62.1-02-01) (§ 12.1-32-07.1(2)). The deferred case can still be pleaded and proved as a prior conviction in a later prosecution (§ 12.1-32-02(4)), and the Attorney General says a dismissed deferred charge stays on general public BCI record checks for 3 years after dismissal, even if the court record was sealed.6,14,15

What it's for: Cases where the judge deferred imposition of sentence and probation was completed, plus prosecutions dismissed after pretrial diversion.

Who can use it

  • A judge deferred imposition of sentence and placed you on probation (§ 12.1-32-02(4)).
  • Your probation expired or was terminated, and no petition to revoke was filed within 60 days afterward and no bench warrant is outstanding (N.D.R.Crim.P. 32.1).
  • For pretrial diversion, the prosecution was suspended under a written agreement and the period ended with no pending motion to end the agreement; the court then dismisses the charge (N.D.R.Crim.P. 32.2(f)).

What doesn't qualify

  • Some gross sexual imposition offenses can't receive a deferred imposition of sentence unless the person proves a reasonable belief about the victim's age (§ 12.1-32-04.1).
  • If probation is revoked, the case does not end in dismissal.

How long you have to wait

RecordWaiting period
Deferred imposition of sentence61 days after probation expires or is terminatedThe deferral order itself must require withdrawal of the plea, dismissal and sealing at that point (N.D.R.Crim.P. 32.1).
Pretrial diversion60 days after the suspension period endsIf no motion to terminate the agreement is pending (N.D.R.Crim.P. 32.2(f)).

Happens automatically. Every order deferring imposition of sentence must require that, 61 days after probation ends, the plea be withdrawn or the verdict set aside, the case be dismissed and the file be sealed (N.D.R.Crim.P. 32.1). Court records of deferred imposition and pretrial diversion cases are confidential once the matter is dismissed (N.D. Sup. Ct. Admin. R. 41, § 3(b)(6)(G)).

How to apply

  1. Nothing to file if probation is completed: the deferral order provides for dismissal and sealing.
  2. Ask the clerk of court to confirm the case was dismissed and sealed if you aren't sure.
  3. A judge may also end deferred probation early when reformation warrants it and dismiss the case (§ 12.1-32-07.1(2)).
Where to file
The court that deferred imposition of sentence.
Cost
No petition or fee is needed for the dismissal and sealing built into the deferral order.
Court hearing
No
How long it takes
61 days after probation ends (deferred imposition); 60 days after the suspension period ends (pretrial diversion).

Sealing

Sealing a first DUI conviction

The court seals the DUI record in the manner set out in §§ 12.1-32-07.1 and 12.1-32-07.2. Prosecutors keep access to the prior offense to enhance the penalty for a later DUI (§ 39-08-01.6(2)). The court's guide says sealing doesn't delete or destroy the records, and expungement of DUI records isn't available in North Dakota.17,18

What it's for: A first conviction for driving under the influence (§ 39-08-01 or a matching city ordinance) followed by 7 years with no other criminal offense.

Who can use it

  • You pled guilty or no contest to, or were found guilty of, DUI under § 39-08-01 or an equivalent city ordinance (§ 39-08-01.6(1)(a)).
  • You have not pled guilty or no contest to, or been found guilty of, another DUI or any other criminal offense within 7 years of the first DUI (§ 39-08-01.6(1)(b)).

What doesn't qualify

  • People licensed as commercial drivers under § 39-06.2-10 (§ 39-08-01.6(2)).
  • Anyone with a later DUI or any other criminal conviction within 7 years of the first DUI (§ 39-08-01.6(1)(b); DUI guide).

How long you have to wait

RecordWaiting period
First DUI conviction7 years from the first violation with no new DUI or other criminal offense

How to apply

  1. File a written petition in your DUI case showing you meet both conditions of § 39-08-01.6(1), with any documents that prove it (DUI guide).
  2. File with the clerk of the municipal court or district court where the DUI case is filed; ask the clerk about local procedure.
  3. A hearing isn't required, but the judge may hold one.
Where to file
The municipal court or district court that handled the DUI case.
Cost
No fee is set in § 39-08-01.6 and the statewide court fee schedule lists none for this petition; ask the clerk.
Court hearing
Sometimes

Sealing

Sealing a first small marijuana possession conviction

The court seals the court record of the conviction. Once sealed, it may not be opened even by court order (§ 19-03.1-23(9)).19,20

What it's for: A first conviction for possessing one ounce or less of marijuana, or two grams or less of THC.

Who can use it

  • You pled guilty or were found guilty of a first offense of possessing 1 ounce (28.35 grams) or less of marijuana, or 2 grams or less of tetrahydrocannabinol (§ 19-03.1-23(9)).
  • You have not been convicted of another violation of the Controlled Substances Act (Chapter 19-03.1) within 2 years (§ 19-03.1-23(9)).

What doesn't qualify

  • Second or later marijuana possession offenses, and possession of more than 1 ounce (§ 19-03.1-23(9)).
  • Anyone convicted of another Chapter 19-03.1 violation within 2 years.

How long you have to wait

RecordWaiting period
First possession of 1 ounce or less of marijuana (or 2 grams or less of THC)2 years without another Chapter 19-03.1 convictionPossession of less than half an ounce is now an infraction; half an ounce to 500 grams is a class B misdemeanor (§ 19-03.1-23(7)(d)).

How to apply

  1. File a written motion in your existing criminal case asking the court to seal the record under § 19-03.1-23(9); see N.D.R.Crim.P. 47 for motions (expungement research guide).
  2. Serve the motion on the prosecutor under N.D.R.Crim.P. 49.
  3. If you qualify, the statute says the court 'shall' seal the record.
Where to file
The court that handled the marijuana case.
Cost
No fee is set in the statute; ask the clerk.

Vacating a conviction

Vacating and sealing convictions of human trafficking survivors

The court vacates the conviction and seals the record of conviction (§ 12.1-41-14(1)). The court's May 2024 expungement guide describes this as 'vacate and expunge'; the current statute says 'vacate the conviction and seal the record'.20,21

What it's for: Prostitution and certain other offenses committed as a direct result of being a victim of human trafficking.

Who can use it

  • A conviction for prostitution, misdemeanor forgery, misdemeanor theft, insufficient funds or credit offenses, manufacture or possession of a controlled or counterfeit substance, or drug paraphernalia offenses (§§ 12.1-41-14(1), 12.1-41-12(1)).
  • The offense was committed as a direct result of being a victim of human trafficking. Official documentation isn't required, but documentation from a federal, state, local or tribal agency creates a presumption (§ 12.1-41-14(2)).

What doesn't qualify

  • Offenses not on the list in § 12.1-41-12(1), other than prostitution.

How long you have to wait

RecordWaiting period
Eligible convictionNo waiting period stated

How to apply

  1. File a motion with the court that convicted you to vacate the conviction and seal the record (§ 12.1-41-14(1)).
  2. The motion, any hearing and any relief follow the Uniform Postconviction Procedure Act, Chapter 29-32.1 (§ 12.1-41-14(3)).
Where to file
The court that entered the conviction.
Cost
Not stated in the statute.
Court hearing
Sometimes

Automatic clearing

North Dakota has no broad Clean Slate law for convictions, but two kinds of records are cleared without a petition. Since August 1, 2025, when a court enters an order dismissing or acquitting all charges in a case, the court closes the court record 61 days later (N.D.C.C. § 12-60.1-05(1), added by House Bill 1166 of 2025; North Dakota laws take effect on the August 1 after they are filed with the Secretary of State, and the Legislative Council lists HB 1166 as effective August 1, 2025). Cases decided before that date need a free petition. Separately, every order deferring imposition of sentence must provide that 61 days after probation ends the plea is withdrawn, the case dismissed and the file sealed (N.D.R.Crim.P. 32.1, in effect since August 1, 2021). Neither process changes the BCI criminal history record: the Attorney General says dismissed charges, including dismissed deferred charges, stay on general public record checks for 3 years.1,5,9,10,11,12,13,14,16

DUI and DWI records in North Dakota

A first DUI conviction can be sealed under N.D.C.C. § 39-08-01.6 if you have not been convicted of another DUI or any other criminal offense within 7 years of the first violation. Commercial driver's license holders are excluded, and prosecutors keep access to the prior offense to enhance a later DUI. The court system's guides say DUI records can't be sealed under the general Chapter 12-60.1 petition and that expungement of DUI records isn't available. File a written petition in the DUI case; a hearing isn't required, but the judge may hold one.2,17,18

Arrests and dismissed charges

If every charge in a case was dismissed or you were acquitted of every charge, the court record is closed automatically 61 days after an order entered on or after August 1, 2025. For older cases, file the free Petition to Close Nonconviction Records; if you qualify, the court must enter an order within 10 days (N.D.C.C. § 12-60.1-05). This doesn't apply to a dismissal that was part of a plea deal with a conviction on another charge, a dismissal for unfitness to proceed, an acquittal for lack of criminal responsibility, or a case that was appealed. Only court records are closed, not prosecution or police records. A defendant whose charges were dismissed or who was acquitted can also ask the court to block remote internet access to the electronic case record under Administrative Rule 41; the record stays available in person at the courthouse. On BCI's general public record check, dismissed charges and other non-convictions appear only while less than 3 years old, but they stay visible on licensing checks and to law enforcement (N.D.C.C. § 12-60-16.6; Attorney General).1,2,12,13,16,22,23

Marijuana records

A first conviction for possessing 1 ounce or less of marijuana (or 2 grams or less of THC) must be sealed on motion if the person has no other Controlled Substances Act conviction within 2 years; once sealed, the record can't be opened even by court order (N.D.C.C. § 19-03.1-23(9)). Possessing less than half an ounce is now an infraction (§ 19-03.1-23(7)(d)). A person convicted of a misdemeanor under § 19-03.1-23 who is sentenced to and completes treatment court, mental health court or a veterans treatment docket has the case dismissed and the file sealed (§ 19-03.1-23(11)). Separately, the Pardon Advisory Board accepts a Summary Pardon Application from people convicted of misdemeanor possession of marijuana, ingestion of marijuana or possession of marijuana paraphernalia who have had no other criminal conviction in the past 5 years; people with any felony conviction must use the regular application. The Board meets twice a year (April 9 and November 19, 2026), and applications are due 90 days before a meeting. A conviction covered by an unconditional pardon can then be sealed by petition (§ 12-60.1-02(1)(c)).1,19,20,24

What employers can see afterward

Sealed records are not fully hidden from employers: every sealing order must say the person is subject to § 12.1-33-02.1, and the information is released when an entity has a statutory obligation to run a criminal history background check (N.D.C.C. § 12-60.1-04(8)). Sealing under Chapter 12-60.1 also doesn't reach the criminal history record reported to BCI (§ 12-60.1-01(4); court self-help guide), and the Attorney General says the general public record check, which landlords and private employers use, shows convictions regardless of age (see also § 12-60-16.6). For state occupational licenses, a conviction alone can't disqualify you; an agency may deny a license only if you aren't sufficiently rehabilitated or the offense directly bears on the job, and 5 years after final discharge without a new conviction is prima facie evidence of rehabilitation (§ 12.1-33-02.1). Public employers (the state, counties, cities and their agencies, including park districts but not school districts) may not ask about or consider criminal history until an applicant is selected for an interview, with exceptions for the Department of Corrections and employers required to run background checks (§ 12.1-33-02.2). We found no North Dakota fair-chance law covering private employers.1,13,23,25

Free help in North Dakota

Before you file

  • You can ask a background screening company for the information it has on you, and the CFPB keeps a list of consumer reporting companies, including employment screening companies, with their contact details.29,30,31
  • The FCRA's seven-year limit does not apply to criminal convictions, so under federal law a conviction can show up on a background report no matter how old it is.32,33

This page explains North Dakota's rules in general terms from the law and official court sources. It isn't legal advice, and laws change. A legal aid office or the court's self-help center can tell you whether your own record qualifies.

Spot something out of date? Tell us at contact@secondchanceindex.com.

Cite this page

Second Chance Index, "Can I clear my record in North Dakota?" https://secondchanceindex.com/record-clearing/north-dakota, checked October 22, 2026.

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Sources

Each source was opened and checked on October 22, 2026.

  1. N.D.C.C. §§ 12-60.1-01 to 12-60.1-04
  2. Sealing Criminal Records or Closing Nonconviction Court Records (N.D.C.C. Ch. 12-60.1): A Research Guide (Rev. Aug. 27, 2025)North Dakota Legal Self Help Center, North Dakota Court System
  3. House Bill No. 1263 (2025), enrolled text: hearings on petitions to sealNorth Dakota Legislative Branch
  4. HB 1263 - Overview (2025 Regular Session)North Dakota Legislative Branch
  5. Effective Dates of 2025-26 Legislation (October 2026)North Dakota Legislative Council
  6. N.D.C.C. Chapter 12.1-32, Penalties and Sentencing (§ 12.1-32-02(9))North Dakota Legislative Branch
  7. North Dakota Court Fee Schedule (effective July 1, 2025)North Dakota Court System
  8. Filing Fee Waiver FormsNorth Dakota Court System
  9. House Bill No. 1166 (2025), enrolled text: closing nonconviction recordsNorth Dakota Legislative Branch
  10. HB 1166 - Overview (2025 Regular Session)North Dakota Legislative Branch
  11. Constitution of North Dakota, Article IV (§ 13, effective date of laws)North Dakota Legislative Branch
  12. Instructions, Petition and Order to Close Nonconviction Records (N.D.C.C. § 12-60.1-05) (instructions Rev. Apr. 2026)North Dakota State Court Administrator's Office
  13. Understanding the Criminal History Record ResultsNorth Dakota Attorney General (Bureau of Criminal Investigation)
  14. N.D.R.Crim.P. 32.1, Deferred Imposition of Sentence (effective Aug. 1, 2021)North Dakota Court System
  15. N.D.R.Crim.P. 32.2, Pretrial Diversion (effective Mar. 1, 2021)North Dakota Court System
  16. N.D. Sup. Ct. Admin. R. 41, Access to Court Records (effective Dec. 1, 2025)North Dakota Court System
  17. N.D.C.C. § 39-08-01.6
  18. Sealing DUI Records (N.D.C.C. § 39-08-01.6): A Research Guide (Rev. May 2024)North Dakota Legal Self Help Center, North Dakota Court System
  19. N.D.C.C. § 19-03.1-23(9)
  20. Expungement of Criminal Records: A Research Guide (Rev. May 2024)North Dakota Legal Self Help Center, North Dakota Court System
  21. N.D.C.C. § 12.1-41-14
  22. Public Access to Court Case Records & RecordingsNorth Dakota Court System
  23. N.D.C.C. Chapter 12-60, Bureau of Criminal Investigation (§§ 12-60-16.1, 12-60-16.6)North Dakota Legislative Branch
  24. Pardon Advisory BoardNorth Dakota Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation
  25. N.D.C.C. Chapter 12.1-33, Rights of Convicts (§§ 12.1-33-02.1, 12.1-33-02.2)North Dakota Legislative Branch
  26. House Bill No. 1628 (September 2026 special session), enrolled text: kratom penalties, § 19-03.1-23(7)North Dakota Legislative Branch
  27. Legal Self Help CenterNorth Dakota Court System
  28. Legal Services of North DakotaLegal Services of North Dakota
  29. List of consumer reporting companiesConsumer Financial Protection Bureau
  30. What Employment Background Screening Companies Need to Know About the Fair Credit Reporting ActFederal Trade Commission
  31. Employer Background Checks and Your RightsFederal Trade Commission
  32. 15 U.S. Code § 1681c - Requirements relating to information contained in consumer reportsLegal Information Institute, Cornell Law School (U.S. Code text)
  33. Advisory Opinion to Nadell (12-10-98)Federal Trade Commission (staff advisory opinion)